Prevent boredom and work off excess energy with plenty of aerobic and mental enrichment activities decreasing need to chew.  

Use treats to reinforce appropriate chew toys, praising for making good choices to distinguish unwanted items to leave alone.  

Confine unsupervised puppies and dogs prone to chewing in safe spaces with designated chew items. Crate train if needed.   

Eliminate residual food smells or tastes dogs associate with edibles that trigger scavenging behavior and undesirable nibbling. 

Apply special anti-chew sprays with unappealing bitter tastes discouraging nibbling on off-limit belongings. Reapply frequently.